The Sumatran Serow is the only Caprinae that has its range solely within the tropical rainforest. Very little is currently known about the Sumatran Serow, though they are thought to be limited, almost exclusively, to the volcanic mountain chain of the Barisan mountains. Interestingly, even though they spend the majority of their time on land, they are considered to be good swimmers.

They are diurnal, shy, and generally solitary animals; however, small groups of up to 7 individuals have been observed. Trails throughout their habitat indicate that they often follow specific routes, and may occupy different ranges seasonally. Sumatran Serow are territorial, marking boundaries with strategically placed dung piles, and rubbing their scent glands (positioned on their feet and head) against foliage. Very little is known about their behaviour; however, through observation of other Serow species, it is thought that mothers and their kids recognise each other via vocalisations.

Sumatran Serow’s most common natural predators are tigers and leopards. When sleeping, they select bedding sites which are protected from the elements, but not secluded enough as to allow a predator to sneak up on them. It should be noted that their big cat predators do not appear to have a major impact on population density; however humans, are pushing the Sumatran Serow population beyond its limits.  It is estimated that there are between 500 and 750 individuals in Malaysia, while Indonesian populations are currently unknown.

The primary threat to the Sumatran Serow in Indonesia is loss of habitat. These secretive animals require thick forests, which are being cut and/or burned down to make way for agriculture and timber industries. Also, many are injured or killed by poachers when they are caught in traps (oftentimes meant for other animals).